The Portuguese automobile spare parts industry started in the 1960s. After half a century of development, it has become one of the important industries in Portugal and Portugal's second largest export industry, which occupies an important position in the development of the Portuguese national economy.
I. History
The development of the Portuguese auto parts industry has roughly undergone the following three stages:
Starting stage: In the 1960s, the Portuguese car spare parts industry started. According to the law at that time, all cars sold in the domestic market must be assembled in Portugal, and the minimum proportion of domestic auto parts production is 25%. As a result of the policy, a large number of Portuguese auto assembly production lines have been put into operation, assembling dozens of different types of automobiles. After entering the 1970s, car parts manufacturers in Portugal have grown rapidly, and all of them are small workshop-type enterprises. The product types of each factory are quite different, and the production lines are relatively small. Most of them are artificially produced, mainly to meet the domestic market. A large number of workshop-type factories laid the foundation for the development of the automotive parts industry in Portugal, but at the same time it also restricted the level of intensive and specialized production of the industry. Foreign investment is also limited at this stage.
Integration stage: In 1979, the Portuguese government passed the Decree No. 351, formulated new industry development regulations, and abolished restrictive policies such as domestic assembly and proportion of domestic parts and accessories. In addition, it signed an agreement with the European Economic Community to incorporate the Portuguese auto parts market into the European Economic Community’s large market, allowing foreign capital to enter the Portuguese market, and at the same time allow the development of the Portuguese industry to gain opportunities for external expansion. The market scale has been greatly expanded and the Portuguese car has been greatly promoted. The development of the spare parts industry. Thanks to the policy-improving effect of the law revision, since the beginning of the 1980s, the Portuguese car spare parts industry has begun to carry out orderly integration. Small companies began to merge, the company's scale began to expand, product intensification gradually strengthened, and medium and large-scale production lines emerged. At the same time, foreign capital has gradually influxed. With the encouragement of foreign investment, the external market has gradually opened up and the degree of specialization has been greatly improved.
Rapid development stage: Since the 1990s, the demand for automobiles has increased significantly, and the European unified market has also provided a good opportunity for the development of the automotive parts industry in Portugal. Taking into account the relatively cheap production costs and preferential foreign investment policies in Portugal, more and more foreign-funded automobile manufacturers have settled in Portugal. The landmark event at this stage was the establishment of the German subsidiary Volvo AutoEuropa in Portugal in 1994. Since then, PSA Peugeot Citroen, Mitsubishi, Toyota and Wayne Motors have also set up factories in Portugal to produce vehicles. This has greatly driven the development of the Portuguese auto parts industry. A large number of automotive parts and components companies supplying the above-mentioned automakers were established in Palmela, Aveiro and Porto, and gradually formed the current three major industrial clusters.
During this period, the Portuguese automobile spare parts industry entered a stage of internationalization and globalization. In order to better supply spare parts for automakers in Portugal and Germany, France, and other auto manufacturers, German Volkswagen, Visteon, Delphi, Bosch and a number of world-renowned spare parts manufacturers have also set up in Portugal. plant. With the technological advantages of foreign-funded enterprises, internationally advanced design concepts and R&D technologies have been continuously introduced into the industry, and the auto parts and components of the Portuguese automobile industry have been further enhanced.
Second, the development status
After half a century of integrated development, there are currently 180 auto parts manufacturing companies in Portugal. In 2011, the industry achieved sales of 7.416 billion euros, an increase of 12.9% year-on-year, accounting for 4.3% of Portuguese GDP. There are 40,400 employees in the industry, accounting for 5.6% of the total employment in the manufacturing industry. The auto parts industry is highly concentrated. The output of the top 10 companies accounts for about half of the total output value.
From the perspective of corporate investment sources, foreign-invested companies accounted for 51.1%, including a group of world-renowned spare parts manufacturers such as Visteon, Delphi, and Bosch; local companies accounted for 49.9%.
From the point of view of corporate production products, the major spare parts products are metal parts (31.8%), electronic parts (29.3%), plastic and housing parts (19.5%), and automotive textile products (11.9%).
From the perspective of business size, sales in 2011 accounted for 24.4% of the following under 5 million euros, 32.8% from 5 million euros to 20 million euros, 21.6% from 20 million to 50 million, and 11.7 percent from 50 million to 100 million. %, more than 100 million accounted for 9.4%. From the above data, it can be seen that SMEs still account for the majority, with only 21.1% of companies with annual sales exceeding 50 million.
The Portuguese automobile spare parts industry is one of the industries with a high proportion of Portuguese exports, and exports are about 80%. In 2011, it exported 5.893 billion euros, accounting for 79.5% of the total output value and 9.7% of total Portuguese exports. The main export markets are Germany, Spain and France, accounting for 29.9%, 23.1% and 19.1% respectively. It is worth mentioning that in recent years, the share of Portuguese exports to Czech, Polish, Hungarian, Slovakian and other newly joined European Union countries has increased year by year, becoming the fourth largest export destination in 2011, accounting for 8.2% of the total in 2009, up from 6.5% in 2009. %.
Third, the difficulties faced
Thanks to the correct auto industry policy in Portugal and its great efforts to attract foreign investment, the auto parts industry in Portugal has developed rapidly in recent years and has become an important pillar industry in Portugal. However, it also faces some difficulties. There are:
(I) Inadequate design and research and development capabilities. More than half of the foreign investment in Portuguese auto parts production companies, these companies' R & D centers are in Germany and France. This directly led to the Portuguese auto parts companies lack of independent research and development capabilities, update the product slowly, most can only become Germany and France auto parts production base of auto parts, product added value is not high, and vulnerable to external divestment and market decline.
(b) Faced with the dual pressure of reduced demand and lack of funds. Portuguese-speaking companies are small in size, and faced with the impact of a slowing global economic slowdown, production and sales have been severely impacted. Coupled with the intensification of the sovereign debt crisis, the Portuguese banking industry has generally tightened its monetary stance, making it difficult for SMEs to obtain loans and upgrade their technology and equipment. The dual pressure has made many SMEs in a difficult position, and some companies can barely maintain them.
(3) Bottlenecks in the development of traditional industries began to appear. The development of the automotive industry faces a shift from the traditional use of oil and gas to the use of clean energy such as electricity. Driverless cars have also become the direction of future development. The transformation and upgrading of the automobile industry will inevitably bring about the reshuffle of the spare parts industry. Currently, the Portuguese parts and components manufacturing enterprises are all traditional manufacturers. Due to the lack of funds and talents, few companies can start investing in new research like Germany and France. A generation of auto parts, the bottleneck of industrial development will certainly appear in the near future.
IV. Sino-Portuguese cooperation proposals (omitted)
(Copyright belongs to the business office of the Chinese embassy in Portugal, please specify.)
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