The structure and principle of solar power generation

Solar power is a device that uses solar modules to convert solar energy directly into electrical energy. Solar cells are solid devices that use the electronic properties of semiconductor materials to achieve PV conversion. In a wide range of non-power network areas, the device can easily realize power supply for users and live. Some developed countries can also work with regional power grids. The grid is complementary. At present, from the perspective of civil use, foreign technology research is becoming more mature and industrialized is the "photovoltaic--building (lighting) integration" technology, while the domestic main research and production is suitable for small-scale solar power generation for home lighting in non-electric areas. system.

Second, the principle of solar power generation

The solar power generation system mainly includes: a solar battery module (array), a controller, a battery , an inverter, and a user, that is, a lighting load. Among them, the solar cell module and the battery are power supply systems, the controller and the inverter are control protection systems, and the load is a system terminal.

1 solar power system

The solar cell and the battery constitute the power supply unit of the system, so the battery performance directly affects the operating characteristics of the system.

(1) Battery unit:

Due to technical and material reasons, the power generation of a single battery is very limited. A practical solar cell is a battery system in which a single battery is composed of a series and a parallel, which is called a battery assembly (array). A single cell is a silicon crystal diode that, under the conditions of a semiconductor material, is irradiated onto a PN junction of a homogeneous semiconductor material of two different conductivity types, P-type and N-type, under certain conditions. Solar radiation is absorbed by semiconductor materials, producing unbalanced carriers, electrons and holes, in the conduction and valence bands. The same as the PN junction barrier region, there is a strong built-in electrostatic field, so that the current density J, the short-circuit current Isc, and the open circuit voltage Uoc can be formed under illumination. If the electrodes are drawn on both sides of the built-in electric field and connected to the load, in theory, the circuit formed by the PN junction, the connection circuit and the load has a "photogenerated current" flowing through, and the solar cell module realizes the power to the load P. Output. Theoretical studies have shown that the peak power Pk of a solar cell module is determined by the local average solar radiation intensity and the end of the electrical load (required power).

(2) Electrical energy storage unit:

The direct current generated by the solar cell first enters the storage of the battery, and the characteristics of the battery affect the working efficiency and characteristics of the system. The battery technology is very mature, but its capacity is affected by the end of electricity demand, sunshine time (power generation time). Therefore, the battery watt hour capacity and ampere-hour capacity are determined by the predetermined continuous daylight-free time.

2, the controller

The main function of the controller is to keep the solar power system near the maximum power point of power generation for maximum efficiency. The charging control usually adopts pulse width modulation technology, that is, PWM control mode, so that the whole system always runs in the vicinity of the maximum power point Pm. Discharge control mainly refers to when the battery is short of power and the system is faulty, such as when the battery is open or reversed. At present, Hitachi has developed a "sunflower" type controller that can track the control point Pm and track the solar movement parameters, and the efficiency of the fixed battery assembly is increased by about 50%.

3, DC-AC inverter

Inverter can be divided into self-excited oscillation inverter and other excitation oscillation inverter according to the excitation mode. The main function is to invert the DC power of the battery into AC power. Through the full-bridge circuit, the SPWM processor is generally modulated, filtered, boosted, etc., and the sinusoidal alternating current matched with the lighting load frequency f and the rated voltage UN is used by the end user of the system.

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