According to a data report released recently by the German Federation of Machinery and Equipment Manufacturers, global machinery and equipment exports increased by 8% in 2012, reaching 931 billion euros. Among them, Germany accounted for 16.1%, ranking first in the world. The United States ranked second with 12.1%, and China surpassed Japan with 11.2% to third place. The report also pointed out that the United States is still the world's largest consumer market for machinery and equipment. In 2012, imports increased by 80% compared to 2009. In 2012, the growth rate of China's machinery and equipment imports slowed down, but it still increased by 12%, and its share in the total global market climbed to 8%.
German machinery export
In the first two years, German machinery exports accounted for about 20% of the world's total machinery exports. The machinery and equipment manufacturing industry has been the most employed industry in Germany. According to data from the German Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Association, in 2010 there were 908,000 people working in the industry with more than 6,000 companies. According to the German Association of Machinery and Equipment Manufacturers, in the first half of 2011, the industry recorded a turnover of 94 billion euros, a year-on-year increase of 18.5%; total exports of 68.9 billion euros, an increase of 18.2% year-on-year, of which 9.325 billion euros were exported to China, accounting for 41.5 of the total. %, China has become Germany's largest market for machinery and equipment exports, with a market share of 13.5%; the number of employed people is 923,000; and equipment utilization rate has risen to 89.9%.
In the 31 product areas of the machinery and equipment industry, German products rank first in the world in 21 sectors and almost all of the world’s top three in the rest of the world. Drive Technology Machinery and equipment, construction machinery and building materials equipment, transmission technology equipment, printing machinery and papermaking technology equipment, machine tools, food and packaging machinery equipment, and civil aviation technology equipment are the top seven mechanical equipment products exported from Germany. The share of total German machinery and equipment exports exceeds 5%.
American Construction Machinery Export
In 2009, the decline in the total value of construction machinery exports in the United States exceeded 38%. In 2010, the total export value of construction machinery industry in the United States increased by 28% compared with the previous year, exceeding US$16.4 billion.
From 2013 to 2015, the contribution of U.S. construction machinery exports to U.S. export growth reached 21%, and 2015 will become the largest U.S. commodity export category.
From 2016 to 2020, the export of construction machinery will account for 25% of total US exports, and the proportion from 2021 to 2030 will reach 26%.
China Construction Machinery Export
In the midrange machinery manufacturing sector, China gradually catches up. China's machinery products are more than 20% cheaper than Germany. After the traditional foundry companies have moved to Southeast Asia, the medium-low-end machinery and equipment required by China has great advantages.
After the rapid growth of exports in 2011, the growth rate of exports has been declining since 2012, especially since the second half of the year. The increase in export volume has decreased markedly, and the export volume in each month has dropped year-on-year in the fourth quarter. The accumulated export volume for the year has dropped from 36.9% in the first half of the year to 14.5%. The sluggish demand in overseas markets began to appear in the construction machinery industry, which will cast a shadow on the export of construction machinery products in the future.
In 2012, the import and export volume of China's construction machinery was USD 24.312 billion, which was 4.13% lower than the same period of 2011. The import amount was 5.691 billion U.S. dollars, down 37.4% year-on-year; the export value was 18.621 billion U.S. dollars, up 14.5% year-on-year, and the trade surplus was 12.929 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 5.752 billion U.S. dollars.
In 2012, among the major exporting countries, the US exported 1.829 billion U.S. engineering machinery products, including: 1.016 billion U.S. dollars of spare parts and components, 58.76% of the total U.S. exports, and 204 million U.S. dollars worth of non-self-propelled mud, minerals, etc. Accounted for 11.8%; pneumatic tools 151 million US dollars, accounting for 8.73%. Exports of Russian construction machinery products amounted to 1.348 billion U.S. dollars, of which: 257 million U.S. dollars were for loaders, 19.1% of Russia's total exports; 319 million U.S. dollars were used for mining dump trucks, accounting for 13.79%; and 151 million U.S. dollars were for bulldozers, accounting for 11.21%. Exports of construction machinery products in Japan amounted to US$898 million, including US$849 million in parts and components, accounting for 94.54% of the total exports to Japan, and 18.32 million US dollars in road rollers, accounting for 2.04%.
Japan Construction Machinery Export
In 2011, Japan’s industrial machinery export orders amounted to 2,640,400 million yen (about RMB 206.1 billion at the time), an increase of 55.8% from the previous year.
In November 2012, the shipment volume of domestic domestic construction machinery reached 76.9 billion yen (approximately 8.9005 billion U.S. dollars), an increase of 19.5% from the same period of the previous year; exports amounted to 87.7 billion yen (approximately 1.100 billion U.S. dollars), a decrease of 36.7 percent year-on-year. %, a decrease of 6 consecutive months compared with the same period last year and a decrease of more than 10% (32.9%). The main reason for the decline was a sharp decrease in exports to China and Europe.
In April 2013, sales of construction machinery in Japan was 154.7 billion yen, a year-on-year decrease of 14.6%, and it fell for nine consecutive months. Among them, Japan's domestic demand was 53.5 billion yen, a year-on-year increase of 27.6%, and it has increased for 25 consecutive months. Exports of 101.2 billion yen, a year-on-year drop of 27.3%, have declined for 11 consecutive months. Among export equipment, construction cranes (7.8 billion yen, an increase of 31.1% over the previous year), concrete equipment (100 million yen, a year-on-year increase of 16.1%), basic equipment (500 million yen, a year-on-year increase of 13.8%), and 3 types of equipment. The amount of sales increased, and exports of other 7 categories of equipment and components both declined. In addition, in terms of export areas, Japan’s construction machinery in all nine major regions achieved 11.4% growth in North America, and exports to other eight regions declined.
Rice Cooker
A rice cooker or rice steamer is an automated kitchen appliance designed to boil or steam rice. It consists of a heat source, a cooking bowl, and a thermostat. The thermostat measures the temperature of the cooking bowl and controls the heat. Complex rice cookers may have many more sensors and other components, and may be multipurpose. Cooking rice has traditionally required constant attention to ensure the rice was cooked properly, and not burnt. Electric rice cookers automate the process by mechanically or electronically controlling heat and timing, thus freeing up a heating element on the cooking range that had to be otherwise occupied for rice cooking. Although the rice cooker does not necessarily speed up the cooking process, with an electric rice cooker the cook's involvement in cooking rice is reduced to simply measuring the rice, preparing the rice properly and using the correct amount of water. Once the rice cooker is set to cook, the rice will be cooked with no further attention.
Features:
For modern home rice cookers, the smallest single-person model cooks 1 rice cup (180 ml), whereas large models can cook 10 cups. Commercial models can cook 20 or more cups. As a possible source of confusion, model specifications and names may list either cooked or uncooked capacity. Rice roughly doubles in size during cooking; therefore, a 10 cup (uncooked) rice cooker can produce up to 20 cups of cooked rice. The prices vary greatly, depending on the capacity, features, materials used, and the country of origin.
The majority of modern electric rice cookers are equipped with a stay-warm or keep-warm feature, which keeps the rice at an optimal temperature for serving without over-cooking it. Some gas cookers also have electric stay-warm mechanism. However, the usefulness of this feature degrades over time, a microwave may be more energy efficient or better suited to reheat rice that will sit longer than four hours.
Some rice cookers use induction heating, with one or more induction heaters directly warming the pot. This can improve energy efficiency.
Most modern rice cookers use aluminium for the inner cooking bowl. There are some models that use stainless steel instead of aluminium. Various other materials, such as copper, pure carbon, ceramic, and diamond powder coating, may be used for higher heat conductivity or better taste.
The pressure-cooking models can raise the water's boiling point higher, e.g., from 100 °C at 1.0 atm up to about 110 °C at 1.4 atm, which speeds cooking. The pressure-cooking models can also be used in high altitude areas, where the boiling temperature is below 100 Celsius. Pressure cookers are also suitable for cooking brown rice (which contains oils and bran fiber that cook differently from pure white rice starch). Some pressure rice cookers have a varying pressure control mechanism (named the "dual-pressure" method) that creates repeated pressure/release cycles during the cooking.
There also exist mechanisms to collect and return the boiled over liquid to the inner rice bowl.
Many cookers now have microprocessor-controlled cooking cycles, which are often used to adjust for rice and cooking type.
Applications
Rice cookers are typically used for the preparation of plain or lightly seasoned rice. Each rice cooker model may be optimized to cook a certain type of rice best. For example, most Japanese rice cookers are optimized for cooking Japanese rice and may not be the best for other types of rice[citation needed], although cooking time can be lengthened simply by more water.
The typical method of cooking long grain rice is boil-and-strain and/or steaming method. The absorption method used in Japanese rice cookers will produce slightly different texture and taste, usually stickier rice.
Brown rice generally needs longer cooking times than white rice, unless it is broken or flourblasted (which perforates the bran).
Different varieties of rice need different cooking times, depending on their grain size, grain shape, and grain composition. There are three main types of Asian rice: Oryza sativa subsp. indica, i.e., Indian rice (long grain rice, e.g., basmati rice and Thai jasmine rice), O. sativa subsp. javanica, i.e., Java rice (large grain rice) and O. sativa subsp. japonica, i.e., Japanese rice (medium grain rice, e.g., Calrose rice, short grain rice, e.g., most Japanese rice and risotto rice).
African rice, Oryza glaberrima, is an entirely separate species, but can be cooked in the same way. Zizania is not even in the same genus, although it is often called a rice (or "water oats"); it, too, can also be cooked in a rice cooker.
A rice cooker can be used to cook many boiled or steamed granular foods, such as pot barley, bulgar wheat, and dal. Provided the ingredients have similar cooking times, a rice cooker can cook mixtures such as khichdi. Some rice cookers can be used as automated couscoussiers, cooking couscous and a stew simultaneously.
Rice Cooker,Drum Rice Cooker,Deluxe Rice Cooker,Straight Rice Cooker
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