Machine coordinate system, machine zero and machine reference point

The machine coordinate system is a unique reference framework built into the machine tool. The origin of this system, known as the machine origin or machine zero, is a fixed point that is determined during the design and manufacturing process. Once the machine is assembled and calibrated, this origin remains constant and serves as the foundational reference for all movements within the machine. When the CNC (Computer Numerical Control) system is powered on, it does not automatically know the location of the machine zero. To ensure accurate operation, each axis of the machine is typically equipped with a reference point—also called a machine tool reference point or measurement starting point. This reference point is located within the range of motion of each axis and allows the machine to establish its coordinate system properly. During startup, the machine usually performs an automatic homing routine, or the operator may manually return to the reference point. This process enables the CNC to identify the position of the machine zero and align all axes accordingly. Once this is completed, the machine coordinate system is fully established and ready for use. It's important to note that the machine tool reference point can either coincide with the machine zero or be a separate location. The distance between these two points is often defined through machine parameters, allowing for flexibility in setup and calibration. When the machine returns to its reference point, it confirms the position of the machine zero for each axis, ensuring precise movement and positioning. This step is crucial for maintaining accuracy throughout the machining process. In addition to the mechanical limits set by physical stop switches, the effective travel range of each axis is also controlled by software-defined limits. These values are typically programmed by the manufacturer and help prevent the machine from exceeding safe operating boundaries. The relationship between the machine zero (OM), the machine tool reference point (Om), and the mechanical stroke (the full range of motion) versus the effective stroke (the usable range) is illustrated in the figure below.

Fig. Machine zero point OM and machine tool reference point Om

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