Machine coordinate system, machine zero and machine reference point

The machine coordinate system is a fundamental reference framework unique to the machine tool. This system is established based on a fixed point known as the machine origin or machine zero. Once the machine tool is designed, manufactured, and calibrated, this origin becomes a permanent and unchanging location. It serves as the starting point for all movement and positioning within the machine. When the CNC (Computer Numerical Control) system is powered on, it does not automatically know the exact location of the machine zero. To ensure accurate operation, a machine tool reference point—also referred to as the measurement starting point—is typically defined within the range of motion for each axis. During startup, the machine usually performs an automatic homing process, or the operator may manually return to the reference point to establish the machine coordinate system correctly. The reference point can either be the same as the machine zero or located at a different position. The distance between the reference point and the machine zero can be set through machine parameters, allowing for flexibility depending on the application and setup. Once the machine returns to its reference point, it identifies the zero position of each axis, locates the reference points for all axes, and the CNC system then establishes the machine coordinate system. This ensures that all movements and operations are accurately referenced to the machine’s original position. Additionally, the mechanical travel of each axis is constrained by physical limit switches, which define the maximum and minimum positions the machine can reach. However, the effective working range is often further restricted by software limits, which are programmed by the manufacturer. These limits help prevent damage to the machine and ensure safe operation. The relationship between the machine zero (OM), the machine tool reference point (Om), and the mechanical stroke (the full range of movement) versus the effective stroke (the usable range) is illustrated in the figure below.

Fig. Machine zero point OM and machine tool reference point Om

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